An Op Amp & Diode Ladder Clipper

My recent series of posts about Fred Nachbaur's “Dogzilla” diode limiter was written because I was considering using a variant of that circuit in a forthcoming project. In the end, I realized Fred's circuit would not be suitable due to the high input voltage swing required to really make it effective.  I did come up with a soft clipper circuit using a diode ladder that would still work within a lower operating voltage range, which I will describe in this post.

Whereas the Dogzilla circuit took a big input signal and used the diode ladder to sequentially switch in a group of resistors in parallel on the bottom of an attenuator, I used the diode ladder in an operational amplifier's feedback loop to sequentially short out resistors in series, thus decreasing gain for greater output signals. Here's the basic configuration, with an ideal op amp:

When the output voltage is near 0, all four diode pairs are effectively open circuits, so the gain is determined by: A = - (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4) / Rin

As the output voltage increases in magnitude, the voltage across the largest resistor (in this case R4) will be the first to reach a diode forward drop, at which point D7 or D8 (depending on polarity) will turn on and the gain after that point is reduced to: A = - (R1 + R2 + R3) / Rin

This continues with further increases in output voltage, turning off the resistors from larger to smaller until the feedback resistance is effectively determined only by the series dynamic forward resistances of the diode string, about 2 kΩ under these conditions.

In practice, real diodes will switch on gradually, with all four transitions overlapping somewhat.  The transfer function looks like this:

Here are the currents flowing through diodes D2 (magenta), D4 (green), D6 (blue) and D8 (red) over the same range of input voltage.  (The odd-numbered diodes pick up the negative half of the input cycle):

Here are the voltages across R1 (magenta), R2 (red), R3 (blue) and R4 (green) for that same input:

Here is the output (green) in response to an increasing sine wave input (blue):

A few notes on this circuit (some may be obvious to you):

1. To make a true soft clipper à la Nachbaur, there would be an additional resistor in the series string, with no corresponding diode pair bypassing it.  I omitted this resistor because I wanted the output to be strictly limited by the series voltage drop across all diodes.  This avoids the possibility of driving the op amp too close to its rails.  (Intentional clipping with diodes = good; unintentional clipping by the op amp = bad.)
2. I chose an inverting amplifier configuration because the non-inverting arrangement must have a gain of at least 1.  I needed the circuit to act as an attenuator for the largest input signals to cause the hard limit behavior described above.
3. You can shuffle the resistors around without changing the behavior.  The diodes will always turn on in descending order of their associated resistor value.
4. The ratio of the gains from maximum to minimum (before hard clipping) must be greater than the number of diode pairs. To see why, consider the case with 4 resistors, with minimum resistance R1 and having a total series resistance of 4×R1 (thus setting the gain ratio to 4) the result is a degenerate case where all resistors are equal and all diodes in each direction turn on simultaneously. In order to have the diodes turn on squentially, the resistor values must increase (at least infinitessimally).
5. Because the transfer function is symmetrical, only odd harmonic distortion is introduced. There are a few simple ways to introduce asymmetry, and therefore add some even harmonics.

I came up with a couple spreadsheets to help select resistors for the ladder.  Each starts with the same inputs: Total resistance of the string, input resistance, gain reduction ratio, and number of diode steps in the string. Here are links (on Google Sheets) to the spreadsheets; you can copy to your own Google Drive to edit:

• Calculator 1 (quadratic gain change). This uses a linear change in individual resistors which leads to a quadratic gain reduction function by step.  This has a more gradual reduction from full gain (around the zero crossing), but a harder transition to full clipping at higher outputs.
• Calculator 2 (geometric gain change). This uses a geometric change in individual resistors, which has a more quick reduction from highest gains , but a more gradual transition to full clipping.

Each has a minimum required gain ratio in order to get meaningful values for the resistors.  For Calculator 1, the ratio must be greater than the number of diode steps (see note 4 above).  For Calculator 2, the ratio must be greater than 2^n-1.

Here is the simplest way to introduce asymmetry: Use two different strings of resistors, each with diodes of only one polarity.  The effective total resistance (which sets maximum gain) is the parallel combination of both series strings:

The change in the transfer function is subtle:

But a Fourier analysis (based here on 1 kHz sine input) shows some addition of even harmonics:

If you want to use fewer resistors, you could stagger the interconnections like this:

You could also modify any of the above with an unequal number of diodes in each polarity. This simple example:

Has a more obvious asymmetry in its transfer function:

And somewhat more pronounced even harmonics:

For my first test, I breadboarded the following variant of the circuit:

A few notes on this circuit:

• I used a TL082CP dual op amp that I had on hand. It has a unity-gain bandwidth of 3 MHz and a slew rate of 13 V/µs.  Both of these end up being important, which is why I couldn't make use of the LM324 (1 MHz & 0.5 V/µs) that I also had on hand, which would have been better suited to single-ended battery power supply.
• Resistor and capacitor values were chosen from what I had on hand.
• The resistor/diode ladder was designed for 20:1 gain reduction before hard clipping. I used both calculator spreadsheets above, one for the positive half and one for the negative half. (Rather than using the resistor values directly, I had to compare the cumulative resistances and select incremental values to build up to the required totals.)

Here is a brief sound sample, playing a Yamaha RGZ211M (with various pickup & control settings) through the circuit, recorded direct to my audio interface:

Initial thoughts and impressions:

• Since there was no tone shaping included in the circuit, it suffers from high-end fizz and the low end tends to swamp the distortion at high gain.  Not a surprise.  It probably needs a pre-emphasis/de-emphasis network to kill the bass before the distortion is applied, and a low pass to clean up the fizz.
• Since there was no gain control, the guitar's volume must be used.  Over most of the adjustment range, the apparent loudness does not change much, only the color.  Only at the low end of the range is apparent volume affected.
• It's noisy, especially with single-coil pickups.  Considering that it has a gain of about 46 dB for the quietest signals, I guess that's to be expected.  A noise gate is probably in order.

The Nachbaur Diode Limiter, Part 3: Other variations

This post is part three in a series of three.

Part one discussed the basics.

Part two discussed transfer function shapes and resistor selection.

Listening Test

I ran a test of the Nachbaur Diode Limiter as a passive outboard effect.  The aux sends on my audio interface can drive about 8.18 V peak.  I breadboarded a 4-stage version like this:

Resistors were selected using my spreadsheet to have a final knee voltage of 8 V, and a final attenuation 10 (gain of 0.1).

Below are the audible results.  The program consists of a test tone and a DI-recording of my Danelectro 63 baritone guitar:

1. 5 seconds of 1 kHz sine wave, increasing linearly in amplitude from 0 to full scale.
2. A simple chord pattern.
3. A simple single-note lead.

Each guitar section is normalized to full scale in order to just hit the last knee of the limiter.  The program is repeated for each of the following:

1. Dry sound
2. Through the limiter.
3. Through a 160 Hz 1st-order highpass, normalized, and then through the limiter. (This was skipped for the 1 kHz test tone).
4. Through the limiter, re-normalized, and then through the limiter again.
5. Through a 160Hz 1st-order highpass, normalized, through the limiter, re-normalized, and then through the limiter again.  (This was skipped for the 1 kHz test tone).

Since the output impedance of the limiter is fairly high, I didn't use my interface's aux return, but rather the DI input. Here is the sound:

As you can see, it really doesn't sound like anything special in this setting.  I think it really needs a much hotter input than I could get out of my interface.

Anyway, here are a few thoughts on some changes you could make to the circuit without changing its topology completely, and while keeping it a passive attenuator:

Lower voltages with Schottky diodes

I might have tried this if I had any small signal Schottky diodes on hand.  Common ones like Vishay's BAT81S will have a forward voltage drop of about 300 mV under the conditions of this circuit.

Add a hard clipper to the last step

By eliminating the top resistor in the ladder, the last step becomes a "hard" clipper:

The transfer function looks like this (additional traces are the voltages at the lower diodes).  Note that the top diodes turn on gradually, so the last step (at about V_in=10 V) is only a "hard" knee in comparison to the earlier steps:

Split the diode ladder into two chains

With one string of diodes conducting on the positive signal voltages and one conducting on the negative, and different resistor selections in each, you can get an asymmetrical transfer function, which might be designed to mimic single-ended tube transfer function:

Break it up

You can save a little on headroom by putting the signal through a hard clipper, followed by enough make-up gain to push the hard clip limit beyond the last knee of the "Nachbaur".  The difference between this and simply including the hard clip in the diode ladder is that the hard clip input voltage is not constrained by the rest of the circuit, and can be selected independently by the gain structure.

You could also do more complicated multi-stage versions, with the extreme case being a single diode pair at each stage followed by makeup gain.

Closing

In the end I decided to save the Nachbaur and its variants for a future tube project.  There are other ways of making a soft clipper with a diode ladder that don't need the voltage swing.  More on that in another post. (Hint: feedback).